Difference between Plant cell and Animal cell

Sr. No.	Plant Cell	Animal Cell
1	Plant cells are larger in size.	Animal cells are generally smaller in size.
2	Cell wall is present and made up of cellulose and chitin.	Cell wall is absent.
3	Plastid is present.	Plastid is absent.
4	Centrosome is absent.	Centrosome is absent.
5	Vacuoles are larger in size.	Vacuoles are smaller in size.
6	Chlorophyll is present except fungi & bacteria.	Chlorophyll is absent.

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Types of Cell

Sr. No.	Prokaryotic Cell	Eukaryotic Cell
1	Nucleus is absent.	Nucleus is present.
2	Cell is small in size.  (1-10 micron)	Cell is large in size.  (5-100 micron)
3	Only one chromosome is present.	More than one chromosome is present.
4	Cell organelles, nucleolus are absent.	Cell organelles, nucleolus are  present.
5	Cell division takes place by  Fission or Budding.	Cell division takes place by  Mitosis & Meiosis.
6	Cell wall is usually present;   (Chemically complex)	Cell wall only present in plant & fungi;  (Chemically simpler)
7	Example: Bacteria, Blue green algae etc.	Example: Fungi, Plant, Animals etc.

<Biology Index>

Cell

• Study of Cell is called as Cytology
• "Cell is known as basic structural and functional unit of all Organisms or Living beings (Life) "
• human body exists nearly 10 /\ 14 (10 to power 14) Cells.
• Cell was Invented by => Robert Hook (in 1665) {He was discovered dead cell in Bark of Cork}
• Cell has been made from a life saving substance called as Protoplasm {Protoplasm is the physical base of the life and in Protoplasm nearly 80% water is found}
• Protoplasm was discovered by => J. E. Purkinje (in 1939)
• Protoplasm is also of two types- 
• Nucleoplasm - (Present inside the nucleus)
• Cytoplasm - (Present between nucleus and cell membrane)

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Cell Theory:

• Cell theory was given by Schelder and Schwann (in 1838-39)
• Important points regarding cell theory:

1. Every organisms originates from a cell.
2. Each cell arises from preexisting cell.
3. Cell is self independent unit, it takes part in metabolic activities.
4. Core of the cell is nucleus. 

Some Important Points

* Smallest Cell => Mycoplasma gallisepticum * Largest  Cell => Egg of Ostrich (Weight - 1250 gm) * Longest Cell => Nerve Cell (Length up to 1 m)\ * Biggest single cell organism => Acetabularia

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Cell Structure and it's Functions

Cell have various type of structures like cylindrical, elliptical, spherical, transverse etc.

Cell Components:

1) Cell membrane:

• It is also called as Plasma membrane.
• It is the outermost layer of the cell.
• It is semipermeable membrane.
• In plant cell it is found within cell wall.
• It is made up of phospholipid molecules.

Function:

• Control the molecular activities between cell and it's other medium which interacts with cell. 

2) Cell Wall:

• Only present in Plant cell.
• it is made up of non living substance
• Cell wall of algae and plants are made up of Cellulose.
• Cell wall of fungi and bacteria are made up of Carbohydrates.
• Cell Wall of fungi is made up of => Chitin
•  Cell wall of bacteria is made up of => Peptidoglycan

Function:

• It protect nucleoplasm and cell membrane from external attack.

3) Protoplasm:

• Name was given by Purkinje (in 1839).
• Whole fluid present inside plasma membrane is Protoplasm.
• It is made up of water, ions, salt and organic molecules
• It is a living part of cell.
• It is divided into two parts
• Cytoplasm: Present between nuclear membrane and cell membrane.
• Nucleoplasm: Present inside nuclear membrane.

4) Mitochondria:

• It was discovered by => Altman and Benda (in 1886).
• Altman called it Bioplast and Benda called it Mitochondria.
• It's shape is cylindrical having Diameter (0.2 -1  micrometer) and Length (1 - 1.4 micrometer).
• It surrounded by double membrane(outer and inner membrane).
• Outer membrane is oily and smooth.
• Inner membrane has many folds called cristae (in plant cell it is called tubuli) and inner compartment where fluid is present called matrix.
• Function: 

• It is a site of aerobic respiration and they produce cellular energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine Tri Phosphate).
• Hence Mitochondria is called as Power house of cell.  

5) Golgi Bodies: 

• It was discovered by => Camillo Golgi (in 1898).
• It is also called as Golgi apparatus.
• It is made up of group of tubes and vesicles.
• In plant it is more in number and here it is known as Dictyosomes.

Function:

• It work as storage, processing and packaging of material and packages are brought to their destination, hence Golgi apparatus is called as traffic controller of cellular molecules. 
•  It is also involved in synthesis of cell wall, plasma membrane and lysosome.
• It help in the synthesis of carbohydrate from simple sugar which combine with Protein made by Ribosome forming Glycoprotein. 

 
6) Endoplasmic Reticulum:

• It was invented by => Porter (in 1945).
• It membranous network of tubules like structure found in cytoplasm is called Endoplasmic Reticulum.
• It is of two types:
• Rough walled ER: At it ribosome is to be found and it is help in protein synthesis.
• Smooth walled ER: At it ribosome is absent and it is responsible for lipid secretion. In animal cell lipid like steroidal hormones are synthesized by smooth walled ER.

7) Ribosome:

• It was discovered by => G. E. Palade (in 1955).
• It was firstly seen by Calede (in 1941) and called microsome, later it is called ribosome by Palade.
• Diameter of it varies from 150 Å to 250 Å.
• Chemically it is composed of RNA and Protein.
• Eukaryotic ribosomes are 80S  while Prokaryotic ribosomes are 70S. (Here S=> Svedberg Coefficient)

Function:

• It's main function to synthesize the protein, hence Ribosome is called as Factory of Protein. 

8) Lysosome: 

• It was discovered by => De Duve.
• It contain hydrolytic enzyme, which is able to digest every organic substance.
• It help in intracellular digestion that's why Lysosome is called Digestive Vesicle.
• Lysosome is not found in RBC of mammal.

Function:

• It destroy every foreign substance like bacteria etc. inside the cell.
• It replaces old and weak cell organelles, so that new cell organelles originates inside cell.
• If there is need it destroy entire damaged or dead cell, also it destroy itself, hence Lysosome is called as suicide bag of cell.

9) Centrosome:

• It was discovered by => Boveri (in 1888).
• It is only found in animal cell.
• It is not bounded by membrane, it consist of two Centriole.
• Sometimes it is called as diplosome.

Function:

• It help in the cell division and it form spindle fiber between pole during cell division.  

10) Plastid:

•  It is only found in plant cell.
• It's shape is like mitochondria, it has two membrane.
• It is of three types a) Chloroplast b) Chromoplast c) Leucoplast.

a) Chloroplast:

• Found in green colored plant.
• Made up from green colored substance called as Chlorophyll (In Chlorophyll Mg metal is present).
•  By the help of chlorophyll Photosynthesis is done in the presence of sunlight by the plant and trees, thus Chlorophyll is called as Kitchen of the cell.
• Chloroplast is bounded by two membrane having grana and stroma.
•  Grana => It contain chlorophyll molecule and it is a site of light reaction.
•  Stroma => It contain photosynthetic enzyme and it is a site of dark reaction.
• Chloroplast also contain pigments like genthophyll and carotene.
•  The leaf of plant becomes yellow because of formation of carotene.
• Chloroplast also contain double standered  circular DNA molecule and ribosome.
• ribosome in chloroplast is smaller (70S) than cytoplasmic ribosome (80S).

 b) Chromoplast:

• It is colored plastid usually red, yellow or orange color.
• It is found in colored part of plant like flower, fruit, seeds etc.
• Chloroplast are of different kind

1.  Lycopene: In tomato it provide red color.
2. Carotene: Provide yellow or orange color in plant eg:- Carrot
3. Betanin: Found in sugar beet root.

 c) Leucoplast:

• It is colorless plastid.
• It store food in the form of starch, fat and protein.
• It is found in roots and underground stems.
• Amyloplast store starch.
• Elaioplast store oil & fats.
• Aleuroplast store protein.

 

11) Vacuole:

• It is surrounded by semipermeable membrane called as Tonoplast.
• It contains water, sap, excretory product and other material not useful for the cell, means it contain dead organelles of cell.
• In plant it is longer in size & in animal it is smaller in size.

Function:

• It help in osmoregulation & it store toxic metabolic waste.

12) Nucleus:

• It was invented by => Robert Brown (in 1831).
• It is spherical or elliptical.
• It is centrally located major structure found in cell, in plant cell it is shifted towards periphery.
• It control all activity of cell, hence it is called Control Room of cell.
• Components of nucleus:

a) Nuclear membrane:

• It is a double layered membrane.
• It is connected with ER.
• It is made up of protein & fat.
• It has small holes through which cytoplasm & nucleoplasm exchange in cell.

b) Nucleoplasm:

• It is made up from protein, phosphorous & nucleic acid.
• Within nucleoplasm nucleolus and chromatin material is found.

 c) Nucleolus:

• Nucleolus is rich in protein & RNA.
• It synthesize r-RNA & transport it to other place.
• It collect ribosome inside it. 

 d) Chromatin:

• Chromatin is thin thread like structure forming network.
• It is made up of histone protein, DNA & RNA.
• DNA is main component of chromatin which causes genetic character in organism.
• During cell division chromatin breaks into pieces & form Chromosome. 

<Biology Index> 

 

 

Binary Nomenclature of Organism

It became in practice in 1753.

Scientific name has two word-

• First word - Generic name
• Second word - Species name

Organisms	Scientific Name
Man	Homo sapiens
Frog	Rana tigrina
Cat	Felis domestica
Dog	Canis Familaris
Cow	Bos indicus
Housefly	Musca domestica
Mango	Mangifera indica
Rice	Oryza sativa
Wheat	Triticum aestivum
Pea	Pisum sativum
Gram	Cicer artictinum
Mustard	Brassica Campestris

< Biology Index >

Biology Index

Chapters

1. What is Biology?
2. Classification of Organisms.
3. Binary Nomenclature of Organism
4. Cell
5. Cell structure and it's function
6. Types of Cell
7. Difference between Plant cell & Animal cell
8. Chromosome, DNA, RNA
9. Genetics
10. Cell Cycle
11. Cell Division
12. Virus
13. Monera Kingdom
14. Protista Kingdom

Classification of Organisms

Study of Classification is called as => Taxonomy

Two Kingdom Classification: 

In 1758 Carolus Linnaeus classified organisms into two kingdoms in his book Systema Naturae - 

1. Plantae Kingdom
2. Animalia kingdom

That's why Carolus Linnaeus is called as Father of Taxonomy

Carolus linnaeus is also known as Father of Nomenclature.

Books Written by Carolus Linnaeus:

•  Genera Plantarum
•  Systema Naturae
•  Philosophia Botanica

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Three Kingdom Classification: 

Ernest Heakel classified organism into three kingdoms:

1. Plantae Kingdom
2. Animalia Kingdom 
3. Protista Kingdom

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Penta Kingdom Classification : 

In 1969 R. H. Whittekar classified organism into Five kingdoms:

1. Monera Kingdom
2. Protista Kingdom 
3. Fungi Kingdom
4. Plantae Kingdom
5. Animalia Kingdom

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