Monera Kingdom, Bacteria

Monera Kingdom:

• Unicellular.
• Prokaryotic.
• Contain 70S Ribosome.
• DNA is not bounded by nuclear membrane.
• Lack of organelles mitochondria, lysosomes, plastids, Golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, centrosome, etc.
• Eg:- Bacteria, Blue green algae (Cynobacteria).

    Bacteria: 

• Invented by => Antony van Leeuwenhock (In1683).
• Father of bacteriology => Antony van Leeuwenhock.
• Name bacteria was given by => Aranberge (In 1829).
• This is a prokaryotic cell & kept under Monera kingdom.
• In 1881 Robert Coach detected & separated bacteria of anthrax & tuberculosis.
• Chlorophyll & Mitochondria are absent & respiratory activities done by misosomes.
• Cell wall is made up of Phospholipid.

• Shapes of bacteria:

• Cocci/Coccus:

  Bacteria are spherical or oval in shape.

• Bacilli:

  These are rod-shaped bacteria with or without flagella.

• Vibrio:

  These are comma or kidney-shaped small bacteria with flagella at one end.

• Spirillum:

  These are spiral or coiled shaped. They are rigid forms due to the spiral structure and bear flagella at one or both the ends.

Shapes of Bacteria

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• Louis pasteur had invented following:
• Inoculation of the rabies.
• Pasteurization of the milk
• Pasteurization of the milk is done by two processes:
• Low Temperature Long Time Process(LTLTP): In this milk is heated at 63°C up to 15 Sec. & quickly cooled down due to which bacteria die & thus milk remain fresh.
• High Temperature Short Time Process(HTSTP): In this milk is heated at 72°C up to 30 min. & quickly cooled down due to which bacteria die & thus milk remain fresh.

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• Nutrition:

  Either Heterotrophic or Autotrophic

• Heterotrophic: 

• Bacteria depends on other organism for their foods are heterotrophic bacteria.
• Heterotrophic bacteria are of three types.
• Saprophytes: bacteria which gain their food from the dead plant and animal bodies or dung & other waste products of organism are called saprophytes. Eg:- Lactobacillus, Acetobactor.
• Parasitic: Bacteria which obtain their food directly from the tissue of living plants and animals are called parasitic bacteria. Eg:- Pathogens.
• Symbiotic: Bacteria which obtain their food by living in the body of organisms are called symbiotic bacteria. Eg:- Rizobium.

• Autotrophic:

• Some bacteria are prepare their food from simple inorganic substance water, CO2 etc are called autotrophic bacteria.
• Autotrophic bacteria are of two types.
• Photo synthetic: Bacteria which prepare their food in the presence of light energy are called photosynthetic bacteria. Eg:- Chromatinum, Rhodospirillum.
• Chemo synthetic:  Bacteria which prepare their food by oxidizing various chemical compound are called chemosynthetic bacteria. Eg:- Nitromonus, Nitrovector, Hydrogenomonus.

• Reproduction:

• Asexual Reproduction:

• Most bacteria are reproduce by Binary Fission.
• Asexual reproduction in bacteria are done by conidia & endspore.

• Sexual Reproduction:

• It has three types.
• Conjugation: Two cells fuse & transfer of DNA takes place.
• Transdution: DNA is replaced by virus & this replaced DNA is fused with DNA of other bacteria.
• Transformation: Genetic profile of DNA is replaced by absorbing DNA from external medium.

• Some Important Points:

• The blue green algae are called as cynobacteria.
• blue green algae prepare their food by photosynthesis.
• Lichen is a microorganism which co-exist between Cynobacteria & Fungi. & it is the example of symbiotic form. here fungi absorb water & provide to cynobacteria, which prepare food for both Fungi & Lichen.

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